Pharmaceutical Technology

WATER FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION Water is the one of the major commodities used by pharmaceutical industries. It may be present as an excipient, or used for reconstitution of products, during synthesis, during production of finished product, or as a cleaning agent for rinsing vessels, equipment and primary packing materials etc. There are many different grades of water used for pharmaceutical purposes. Several are described in USP monographs that specify uses, acceptable methods of preparation, and quality attributes. These waters can be divided into two general types: bulk waters, which are typically produced on site where they are used; and packaged waters, which are produced, packaged, and sterilized to preserve microbial quality throughout their packaged shelf life. There are several specialized types of packaged waters, differing in their designated applications, packaging limitations, and other quality attributes. Different grades of water quality are required dependin...

T his method involves exposing the packed materials to radiation for sterilization. There are two types of radiations available for sterilization i.e a) non-ionic and b) ionic radiation. a) Non-ionic radiations are safe to the operator of sterilization, and they are like Ultra Violet radiations, they can be used even at the door entrances to prevent entry of live microbes through the air. b) Ionizing radiation sterilization. They are powerful radiation and very useful for sterilization. The operator needs to protect himself from exposure from these radiations by use of special clothing. Examples: X-rays, γ-rays, etc. Filtration In this method, liquids are filtered through bacterial filters to remove any microbes present. This method is very effective for sterilization of heat sensitive liquids. The chances of clogging and long time duration for the process to happen are drawbacks. For sterilization three types of filters are used: A) Membrane filters: These are thin ...

S terilization is the killing or removal of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores which are highly resistant. Sterilization is an absolute term, i.e. the article must be sterile meaning the absence of all microorganisms. Disinfection is the killing of many, but not all microorganisms. It is a process of reduction of number of contaminating organisms to a level that cannot cause infection, i.e. pathogens must be killed. Some organisms and bacterial spores may survive. Disinfectants are chemicals that are used for disinfection. Disinfectants should be used only on inanimate objects. Antiseptics are mild forms of disinfectants that are used externally on living tissues to kill microorganisms, e.g. on the surface of skin and mucous membranes. Uses of Sterilization 1.   Sterilization for Surgical Procedures: Gloves, aprons, surgical instruments, syringes etc. are to be sterilized. 2.   Sterilization in Microbiological works like preparation of culture...

S taining is the addition of colour or colouring agent to a material or microbial culture to make them more visible. E.g of stains include  Acetocarmine (Semi chon): Reagents: 45% glacial acetic acid … 100 ml Carmine powder … 10 g Preparation: Mix the two; heat up to boiling. Cool, filter and store for future use. 2. Borax Carmine: Reagents: Aqueous borax solution … 4%. Carmine solution … 3%. Alcohol … 70% Preparation: Prepare 2 to 3% carmine solution in 4% aqueous borax solution by boiling for 30 min­utes. Allow to stand for 2 to 3 days with occa­sional stirring. Dilute with equal volume of 70% alcohol. Allow to stand and filter. Stained objects should be washed with alcohol. 3. Delafield’s Haematoxylin: Reagents: Saturated aqueous ammonia solution … 400 ml Haematoxylin … 4 g 90% ethyl alcohol … 25 ml 90% methyl alcohol … 100 ml Glycerine … 10 ml Preparation: Dissolve 4 g haematoxylin in 25 ml 90% ethyl alcohol. Mix the solution ...

TITLE: Microscopy (Using the microscope) The setting up of a microscope is a basic skill of microbiology yet it is rarely mastered. Only when it is done properly can the smaller end of the diversity of life be fully appreciated and its many uses in practical microbiology, from aiding identification to checking for contamination, be successfully accomplished. The amount of magnification of which a microscope is capable is an important feature but it is the resolving power that determines the amount of detail that can be seen. All optical microscopes share the same basic components: The eyepiece is a cylinder containing two or more lenses to bring the image to focus for the eye. The eyepiece is inserted into the top end of the body tube. Eyepieces are interchangeable and many different eyepieces can be inserted with different degrees of magnification. Typical magnification values for eyepieces include 5x, 10x and 2x. In some high-performance microscopes, the optical configuration o...

INCUBATOR In biology, an incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial as well as eukaryotic cells. The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 150 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used E. coli as well as for mammalian cells is approximately 37 °C (99 °F), as these organisms grow well under such conditions. For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a growth temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) is optimal....

This humble, but immensely powerful seed, kills MRSA, heals the chemical weapon poisoned body, stimulates regeneration of the dying beta cells within the diabetic's pancreas, and yet too few even know it exists. Benefits of Black Seed The seeds of the annual flowering plant, Nigella Sativa, have been prized for their healing properties since time immemorial. While frequently referred to among English-speaking cultures as Roman coriander, black sesame, black cumin, black caraway and onion seed, it is known today primarily as black seed, which is at the very least an accurate description of its physical appearance. The earliest record of its cultivation and use come from ancient Egypt. Black seed oil, in fact, was found in Egyptian pharoah Tutankhamun's tomb, dating back to approximately 3,300 years ago.[i] In Arabic cultures, black cumin is known as Habbatul barakah, meaning the "seed of blessing." It is also believed that the Islamic prophet Mohammed said ...